Strategy and Tactics of the Hundred Years War

Strategy and Tactics of the Hundred Years War As it was fought for longer than a hundred years, it’s no surprise that the strategy and tactics used by all sides in the Hundred Years War evolved over time, creating two very different eras. What we see is an early English tactic proving successful, before technology and warfare changed to a French one becoming dominant. In addition, the aims of the English may have stayed focused on the French throne, but the strategy to achieve this was starkly different under two great monarchs. Early English Strategy: Slaughter When Edward III led his first raids into France, he was not aiming to take and hold a series of strongpoints and regions. Instead the English led raid after raid called a ‘chevauchà ©e’. These were missions of pure murder, designed to devastate a region by killing crops, animals, people and destroying buildings, windmills and other structures. Churches and people were plundered then put to the sword and fire. Huge numbers died as a result, and wide areas became depopulated. The aim was to cause such damage that the French wouldn’t have as many resources, and would be forced to negotiate or give battle to stop things. The English did take important sites in Edward’s era, such as Calais, and small lords fought a constant battle against rivals for land, but the strategy of Edward III and leading nobles was dominated by chevauchà ©es. Early French Strategy King Philip VI of France first decided to refuse giving a pitched battle, and allow Edward and his followers to roam, and this caused Edward’s first ‘chevauchà ©e’s to cause great damage, but to drain the English coffers and be declared failures. However, the pressure the English were exerting led to Philip changing strategy to engage Edward and crush him, a strategy his son John followed, and this led to the battles of Crà ©cy and Poitiers were larger French forces were destroyed, John even being captured. When Charles V went back to avoiding battles – a situation his now decimated aristocracy agreed with – Edward went back to wasting money on increasingly unpopular campaigns which led to no titanic victory. Indeed, the Great Chevauchà ©e of 1373 marked an end to large scale raiding for morale. Later English and French Strategy: Conquest When Henry V fired the Hundred Years War back into life, he took a totally different approach to Edward III: he came to conquer towns and fortresses, and slowly take France into his possession. Yes, this led to a great battle at Agincourt when the French stood and were defeated, but in general the tone of the war became siege after siege, continuous progress. The French tactics adapted to fit: they still generally avoided great battles, but had to counter siege to take the land back. Battles tended to result from contested sieges or as troops moved to or from sieges, not on long raids. As we shall see, the tactics affected the victories. Tactics The Hundred Years War began with two large English victories stemming from tactical innovations: they tried to take defensive positions and field lines of archers and dismounted men at arms. They had longbows, which could shoot faster and farther than the French, and many more archers than armoured infantry. At Crà ©cy the French tried their old tactics of cavalry charge after cavalry charge and were cut to pieces. They tried to adapt, such as at Poitiers when the whole French force dismounted, but the English archer proved a battle winning weapon, even to Agincourt when a new generation of Frenchman had forgotten earlier lessons.If the English won key battles earlier in the war with archers, the strategy turned against them. As the Hundred Years War developed into a long series of sieges, so archers became less useful, and another innovation came to dominate: artillery, which could give you benefits in a siege and against packed infantry. Now it was the French who came to the fore, because they had better artillery, and they were in the tactical ascendance and matched the demands of the new strategy, and they won the war.

10 qualities to include in a leadership essay

10 qualities to include in a leadership essay While writing your term paper, if you’re asked to write an essay on leadership, how will you begin? Will you define leadership from the Oxford Dictionary, will you begin by referring to your favorite leader’s qualities or will you outline the general characteristics that you think will make a leader? Well, if you are in doubt, please know that it is fine to begin the essay with any of the above methods.   The important aspect to keep in mind is that you’re describing a quality and you should supplement it with ample examples, references and if possible, quotes. The introduction to your essay is obviously the place to hold and capture your reader’s attention, so make sure whatever you write makes the reader curious enough to read through the entire essay. Also, remember that writing a leadership essay encompasses many different aspects – like leadership styles, leadership development, types of leadership, successful leadership, leadership principles and values etc. Before beginning your essay, make a draft about what aspect you want to highlight upon. Your prescribed essay length should help you decide how much you can include and how many aspects you can briefly allude to. Leadership is not just about commanding people, but it is also about following them, and listening to them. One does not always have to be a commander, a chief or a boss to be a great leader. A great leader can also be one who has total command and control over his life, his words, his deeds and actions, and who helps others help themselves. There are lots of great qualities in a leader that you can choose from and elaborate on them with examples. For instance, 10 great leadership qualities that most people agree should be present in a leader are: Empathy Dedication Sincerity Passionate about his beliefs Puts people’s interests above his own Responsibility and ownership Self motivated Ability to influence Ability to lead Ability to teach An effective leader can be humble and strong at the same time, teach and learn at the same time, give credit to his followers and command respect at the same time. To be prepared on writing a leadership essay, you can also read biography essays of great leaders. You can also build up your knowledge by reading on different leadership strategies and how they affected people in various stages in life. To make your leadership essay more interesting, also try to compare two very different kinds of leaders and provide an analysis of what made them successful or unsuccessful as leaders. Remember to conclude your essay with a statement on what you learned from the lives of great leaders.